Some Glimpses of Ancient Indian Thought and Practices
Class 10th
English Main Course Book
Chapter 5 :- Some Glimpses of Ancient Indian Thought and Practices
Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What caused desperation to the gods ?
Answer:
There was a fight between the demons and the gods. The demons seemed to have an upper hand. It caused desperation to the gods.
Or
The demons were winning the fight.
दानवों और देवताओं के बीच एक युद्ध हुआ। दानवों का पलड़ा भारी प्रतीत होता था। इससे देवताओं में निराशा पैदा हो गई।
Question 2.
Who did the gods go to in desperation ?
Answer:
The gods went to Lord Vishnu. They wanted to know the way to defeat the demons.
Or
They went to Lord Vishnu.
देवता भगवान् विष्णु के पास गए। वे दानवों को पराजित करने का तरीका जानना चाहते थे।
Question 3.
What was Lord Vishnu’s advice to the gods ?
Answer:
Lord Vishnu advised the gods to get a mighty sword prepared from the bones of some great sage.
Or
Ans. Lord Vishnu advised them to use the bones of a great sage to make the invincible weapon, Thunderbolt, or Vajarpatt.
Or
to get a mighty sword prepared from the bones of some great sage.
भगवान् विष्णु ने देवताओं को सलाह दी कि वे एक शक्तिशाली तलवार प्राप्त करें जो किसी महान् सन्त की अस्थियों से बनी हो।
Question 4.
What was the sacrifice of Saint Dadhichi ?
Answer:
He laid down his life so that his bones could be made into an invincible weapon for the gods.
Or
Ans. Saint Dadhichi sacrificed himself so that the gods could use his bones to create the Vajarpatt to defeat the demons.
Or
He sacrificed his life to help the gods.
उसने अपने प्राणों का बलिदान कर दिया ताकि उसकी अस्थियों से देवताओं के लिए एक अपराजेय शस्त्र बनाया जा सके।
Question 5.
What is the real spirit behind the yajnas performed in our homes ?
Answer:
It is the spirit of charity, renunciation, sacrifice and detachment.
Or
Ans. ‘Idam Naa mam’ (This does not belong to me) is the real spirit behind the yajanas performed in our homes. It is the spirit of charity, renunciation, sacrifice and detachment.
यह दान, त्याग, बलिदान और वैराग्य की भावना होती है।
Question 6.
What does the tradition of feeding birds and animals prove ?
Answer:
It proves that the people of our country believe in the unity and sanctity of all life.
इससे सिद्ध होता है कि हमारे देश के लोग सम्पूर्ण जीवन की एकता तथा पवित्रता में विश्वास रखते हैं।
Or
Ans. The tradition of feeding birds and animals proves that the duty of charity and sharing food with all life forms has been embedded in us since ancient times.
Question 7.
Why did some scholars laugh at Ashtavakra ?
Answer:
Ashtavakra had a deformed body. He looked very ugly. Therefore, some scholars laughed at him.
अष्टवक्र का शरीर टेढ़ा-मेढ़ा था। वह बहुत कुरूप लगता था। इसलिए कुछ विद्वान उस पर हंस पड़े।
Ans. Ashtavakra had a deformed body. He looked very ugly.Some scholars laughed at Ashtavakara because they did not think someone with a deformed body could engage in a discussion of high philosophy.
Question 8.
How did Ashtavakra react when some scholars laughed at him ?
Or
How did Ashtavakra react ?
Answer:
Ashtavakra became very angry. He called them skinners because they measured the worth of a person from his skin.
Or
Ashtavakra became very angry. He called them skinners
अष्टवक्र बहुत क्रोधित हो उठा। उसने उन्हें चर्मकार कहा क्योंकि वे किसी व्यक्ति का मूल्य उसकी चमड़ी से आंकते थे।
Or
Ans. Ashtavakara was furious at the humiliation. He went to the King and complained that he could not engage in a discussion with people who judged others’ intelligence and status based on their physical appearance.
Question 9.
What did Vivekananda say to the lady who laughed at his simple dress ?
Answer:
He said that it was the tailor who made a man in the lady’s country. But in his own country, it was the real worth and character of a person that mattered.
उसने कहा कि उस औरत के देश में एक दर्जी होता है जो किसी व्यक्ति को बनाता है। किन्तु उसके अपने देश में व्यक्ति का वास्तविक मूल्य और उसका चरित्र होता है जिसका महत्त्व होता है।
Ans. Swami Vivekananda told the lady who laughed at his simple dress that in India, the tailor does not make a person’s worth. A person’s worth is decided by the qualities present inside the person, which constitutes the person’s intrinsic worth.
ਉੱਤਰ: ਸਵਾਮੀ ਵਿਵੇਕਾਨੰਦ ਨੇ ਉਸ ਔਰਤ ਨੂੰ ਕਿਹਾ ਜੋ ਉਸਦੇ ਸਾਦੇ ਪਹਿਰਾਵੇ 'ਤੇ ਹੱਸ ਰਹੀ ਸੀ ਕਿ ਭਾਰਤ ਵਿੱਚ, ਦਰਜ਼ੀ ਕਿਸੇ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਦੀ ਕੀਮਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਬਣਾਉਂਦਾ। ਇੱਕ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਦੀ ਕੀਮਤ ਉਸ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਦੇ ਅੰਦਰ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਗੁਣਾਂ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਨਿਰਧਾਰਤ ਕੀਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਦੀ ਅੰਦਰੂਨੀ ਕੀਮਤ ਦਾ ਗਠਨ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ।
Question 10.
What was the status of women in ancient India ?
Answer:
In ancient India, women enjoyed a high status. No auspicious function was considered complete without their participation.
Or
High status.People treated women as goddess ( Devi).
प्राचीन भारत में औरतों का दर्जा ऊंचा था। कोई भी शुभ कार्य उनकी भागीदारी के बिना पूरा नहीं माना जाता था।
Ans. Women in ancient India were seen as a devi or goddess, a Kanjak or a young, unmarried girl child fit to be worshipped, the mother of mankind, the ardhangini, the inseparable but equal wheel of the rathá or chariot of life.
ਉੱਤਰ: ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਭਾਰਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਔਰਤਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਇੱਕ ਦੇਵੀ ਜਾਂ ਦੇਵੀ, ਇੱਕ ਕੰਜਕ ਜਾਂ ਇੱਕ ਜਵਾਨ, ਅਣਵਿਆਹੀ ਕੁੜੀ ਜਿਸਦੀ ਪੂਜਾ ਕੀਤੀ ਜਾ ਸਕਦੀ ਸੀ, ਮਨੁੱਖਤਾ ਦੀ ਮਾਂ, ਅਰਧੰਗਿਨੀ, ਜੀਵਨ ਦੇ ਰੱਥ ਜਾਂ ਰੱਥ ਦਾ ਅਟੁੱਟ ਪਰ ਬਰਾਬਰ ਪਹੀਆ ਮੰਨਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਸੀ।
Question 11.
Why did Shivaji bow his head before the woman who was brought to him as a gift ?
Answer:
Shivaji had great regard for women. He looked upon them as his mothers. That was why he called that woman mother and bowed his head before her.
शिवाजी औरतों के प्रति बहुत सम्मान रखते थे। वह उन्हें अपनी माताएं मानते थे। इसीलिए उन्होंने उस औरत को मां कहा और उसके सामने अपना सिर झुकाया।
Or
Ans. Shivaji had great regard for women. He looked upon them as his mothers.Shivaji bowed his head before the woman who was brought to him as a gift to restore her dignity as a mother and woman.
ਸ਼ਿਵਾਜੀ ਔਰਤਾਂ ਪ੍ਰਤੀ ਬਹੁਤ ਸਤਿਕਾਰ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਨ। ਉਹ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੀਆਂ ਮਾਵਾਂ ਵਾਂਗ ਸਮਝਦੇ ਸਨ। ਸ਼ਿਵਾਜੀ ਨੇ ਉਸ ਔਰਤ ਅੱਗੇ ਆਪਣਾ ਸਿਰ ਝੁਕਾਇਆ ਜਿਸਨੂੰ ਇੱਕ ਮਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਔਰਤ ਵਜੋਂ ਉਸਦੀ ਇੱਜ਼ਤ ਬਹਾਲ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਤੋਹਫ਼ੇ ਵਜੋਂ ਲਿਆਂਦਾ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ।
Or
He had great respect for women.
Question 12.
Why, according to you, were the wars fought in the Mahabharata and Ramayana sacred ?
Answer:
These wars were fought to defend and uphold the honour of motherhood. That was why they were considered sacred.
ये युद्ध मातृत्व की रक्षा और उसे बनाए रखने के लिए लड़े गए थे। इसी कारण से वे पवित्र माने जाते थे।
Ans. The wars fought in the Mahabharata and Ramayana were sacred because they were fought for matrishakti, or motherhood.These wars were fought to defend and uphold the honour of motherhood
Question 13.
What does Lord Rama’s meeting with a Bheel woman and eating the tasted berries show ?
Answer:
It shows that in ancient India, there was never any discrimination on the basis of caste, creed or profession.
इससे पता चलता है कि प्राचीन भारत में कभी भी जाति, नस्ल या व्यवसाय के आधार पर भेद-भाव नहीं होता था।
Ans. A Bheel woman is a Shudrá woman who used to sprinkle water on the earth with the help of a leather bag. Lord Rama ate the tested berries from her, It shows that in ancient India, there was never any discrimination on the basis of caste, creed or profession.
Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Why, according to the author, should those people be ashamed of themselves who believe in female foeticide ?
Answer:
The author says that India is a land where women were always held in great regard. No auspicious ceremony was considered complete without their participation. The two great epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, also uphold the honour of women. In such a country, the evil of female foeticide is indeed a matter to be ashamed of.
लेखक कहता है कि भारत एक ऐसा देश है जहां औरतों का सदा ही बहुत सम्मान किया जाता था। उनके शामिल हुए बिना कोई भी शुभ अनुष्ठान सम्पूर्ण नहीं माना जाता था। रामायण और महाभारत के दो महाकाव्य भी औरतों के सम्मान का समर्थन करते हैं। ऐसे देश में कन्या-भ्रूण हत्या वास्तव में ही एक शर्मिंदा होने की बात है।
Question 2.
How does the author support the idea of the victory of the good over the evil ?
Answer:
The author gives the examples of Dadhichi and Sri Guru Gobind Singh’s sons. These great souls sacrificed their lives for the cause of good. Dadhichi sacrificed his life to give the gods an invincible weapon against the asurs. The young sons of Sri Guru Gobind Singh sacrificed their lives for the sake of their faith and the principles of justice.
लेखक दधीचि और गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह के पुत्रों का उदाहरण देता है। इन महान आत्माओं ने अच्छाई की खातिर अपने जीवन बलिदान कर दिए। दधीचि ने दानवों के विरुद्ध देवताओं को एक अजेय शस्त्र प्रदान करने के लिए अपना जीवन बलिदान कर दिया। गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह के छोटे पुत्रों ने अपने धर्म और न्याय के सिद्धान्तों की खातिर अपने जीवन बलिदान कर दिए।
Question 3.
What is the basic difference between the position of women in society in the ancient times and now ?
Answer:
In the ancient times, women enjoyed a very high position. No auspicious ceremony was considered complete without their participation. They were never looked upon as objects of lust. Now women are not given their due regard. The incidents of dowry killings and female foeticide are matters of shame for us.
प्राचीन समय में औरतों को बहुत ऊंचा स्थान प्राप्त था। कोई भी शुभ अनुष्ठान औरतों की उपस्थिति के बिना पूरा नहीं माना जाता था। उन्हें कभी भी वासनापूर्ति की चीज़ नहीं माना जाता था। परन्तु अब औरतों को उचित सम्मान नहीं दिया जाता है। दहेज के कारण होने वाली मौतें और कन्या-भ्रूण की हत्या हमारे लिए लज्जा की बातें हैं।
Question 4.
What does the practice of langar’ stand for ? Explain.
Answer:
Langar is a symbol of love and fellow-feeling. It is a symbol of brotherhood and equality. It tells us that we should eat only after we have shared our meal with others. By sharing our meals with others, we develop a great feeling of love and brotherhood.
लंगर प्यार और सहभावना का प्रतीक है। यह भाईचारे और समानता का प्रतीक है। यह हमें बताता है कि हमें केवल तब खाना चाहिए जब हम दूसरों के साथ अपना भोजन बांट चुके हों। दूसरों के साथ अपना भोजन बांटने से हम प्यार और भाईचारे की महान भावनाओं को विकसित करते हैं।
Question 5.
Give an example to prove that in ancient India, there was no discrimination on the basis of caste.
Answer:
We find a great example of it in the Ramayana. Lord Rama ate the tasted berries from a Bheel woman. The woman was a shudra while Rama was a ksatriya. It shows that in ancient India, there was no discrimination on the basis of caste.
रामायण में हमें इसका एक महान उदाहरण मिलता है। भगवान राम ने एक भील औरत से जूठे बेर खाए थे। वह औरत एक शूद्र थी जब कि राम एक क्षत्रिय थे। इससे पता चलता है कि प्राचीन भारत में जाति के आधार पर कोई भेद-भाव नहीं था।
Vocabulary and Grammar
Objective Type Questions
Question 1.
Some scholars laughed at Ashtavakra’s ….
(i) joke
(ii) friend
(iii) luck
(iv) deformed body
Answer:
(iv) deformed body
Question 2.
In ancient India, the woman was always considered a goddess. (True /False)
Answer: True
Question 3.
The gods went to Lord Vishnu in desperation. (True /False)
Answer: True
Question 4.
Who was losing in the battle between the gods and the demons ?
Answer:
The gods
Question 5.
What did Saint Dadhichi advise the gods to make ?
(i) An arrow
(ii) A sword
(iii) Bones
(iv) None of these.
Answer:
(iv) None of these.
Question 6.
Shivaji bowed his head before the …………….
(i) man
(ii) woman
(iii) teacher
(iv) king
Answer:
(ii) woman
Answer each of the following in one word / phrase / sentence :
Question 1.
In the fight beween the demons and gods, who was winning initially ?
Answer:
The demons.
Question 2.
Who was Dadhichi ?
Answer:
He was a great saint.He was very wise scholar.
Question 3.
What did Dadhichi give to gods ?
Answer:
He gave them all the bones of his body.
Question 4.
Who is the author of this chapter ?
Answer:
Dr. D.V. Jindal.
Question 5.
How did the young sons of Sri Guru Gobind Singh sacrifice their life?
Answer:
They chose to be bricked alive for the sake of their faith.
Question 6.
What does ‘Vasudhev Kutumbukam’ stand for?
Answer:
It stands for the entire universe is our family’.
Question 7.
Who was Ashtavakra ?
Answer:
He was a well-known sage.
Question 8.
Why were the gods depressed ?
Answer:
Because the demons seemed to be winning.
3. The two sons of Sri Guru Gobind Singh were ………….
4. The elder ones treat it as their duty to feed ………….
5. The great sage, Ashtavakra, came to the court of ………….. have always been given high respect in India.
Answer:
1. demons
2. bones
3. bricked alive
4. the birds and animals
5. king Janaka
6. Women.
Write True or False against each statement :
1. The demons seemed to be losing the fight.
2. Gods went to Lord Brahma for advice.
3. Feeding birds shows our people’s belief in the unity of all life.
4. Ashtavakra was a very handsome sage.
5. Chhatrapati Shivaji was very respectable to women.
6. In Lord Rama’s time, there was no discrimination on the basis of cast or creed.
Answer:
1. False
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True
6. True.
Choose the correct option for each of the following:
Question 1.
A long fight took place
(a) among demons themselve
(b) among gods
(c) between demons and gods
(d) none of the above.
Answer:
(c) between demons and gods
Question 2.
What was to be made from Sage Dadhichi’s bones ?
(a) A thunderbolt (Vajrapatt).
(b) A bow.
(c) A chakra.
(d) A spear.
Answer:
(a) A thunderbolt (Vajrapatt).
Question 3.
Indians feel happy to feed ……
(a) birds
(b) beasts
(c) animals
(d) both (a) and (c).
Answer:
(d) both (a) and (c).
Question 4.
In ancient India, women enjoyed ……….
(a) complete freedom
(b) a very high status
(c) all luxuries
(d) quarrels and fights.
Answer:
(b) a very high status.
Translation English to Punjabi
1. The gods approached the sage Dadhichi.
ਦੇਵਤਾ ਸੰਤ ਦਾਧਿਚੀ ਕੋਲ ਪਹੁੰਚੇ ।
2. Dadhichi took no time in laying down his life.
ਦਾਧਿਚੀ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਪ੍ਰਾਣਾਂ ਦਾ ਬਲੀਦਾਨ ਦੇਣ ਵਿਚ ਜਰਾ ਵੀ ਦੇਰੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਕੀਤੀ ।
3. Eat only after you’ve shared your meal with others.
ਭੋਜਨ ਉਦੋਂ ਹੀ ਕਰੋ ਜਦੋਂ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਆਪਣਾ ਭੋਜਨ ਦੂਜਿਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਵੰਡ ਲਿਆ ਹੋਵੇ।
4. A well-known sage named Ashtavakra was also invited to this meeting.
ਅਸ਼ਤਾਵਕਰ ਨਾਮਕ ਇਕ ਪ੍ਰਸਿੱਧ ਰਿਸ਼ੀ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਸੱਦਾ ਭੇਜਿਆ ਗਿਆ।
5. The entire universe is one family.
ਸਾਰਾ ਬ੍ਰਹਿਮੰਡ ਇਕ ਪਰਿਵਾਰ ਹੈ।
6. This does not belong to me.
ਇਹ ਮੇਰਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ।
ਜਾਂ
ਇਹ ਮੇਰੇ ਨਾਲ ਸੰਬੰਧਿਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ।
7. They chose to be bricked alive.
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੇ ਜਿੰਦੇ ਜੀ ਇਟਾਂ ( ਨੀਹਾਂ ) ਵਿੱਚ ਚਿਣਵਾਇਆ ਜਾਣਾ ਚੁਣਿਆ।
8. The history of this great land is full of examples.
ਇਸ ਮਹਾਨ ਧਰਤੀ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਉਦਾਹਰਨਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਭਰਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ ਹੈ।
9. The people of this country believe in the unity of life.
ਇਸ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਲੋਕ ਜੀਵਨ ਦੀ ਏਕਤਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਾਸ ਰੱਖਦੇ ਹਨ।
10. King Janak of Maithil called a / meeting of the scholars.
ਮੈਥਿਲ ਦੇ ਰਾਜਾ ਜਨਕ ਨੇ ਵਿਦਵਾਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਇਕ ਸਭ ਸੱਦੀ ( ਬੁਲਾਈ)
Prepared by :- Daya Krishan Pathan @GKSS School KHANUARI Mandi Sangrur Punjab { INDIA }
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